Building Peaceful Societies (2002-2003)

Field Activities

• Dec  2002 - Feb 2003
• Aug 15 - Oct 29, 2002 
• May 17- June 05, 2002
• Mar 11 - Apr 14, 2002

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December 2002 - February 2003: Report of the Peace Education Training in Afghanistan

a) Training the Trainers (Follow-up training):

Two rounds of follow-up and upgrading training in peace and reconciliation concepts and practices was provided to the team of educators from the department of Compilation and Translation of the Ministry of Education of the Afghan Transitional Islamic Government of Afghanistan. Ten articles written by members of this team were discussed and some of which were chosen for publication in local and national newspapers.

b) Peace and Reconciliation Workshops (First Exposure Training):

McMaster's peace educator Dr. Seddiq Weera provided six day-long training workshops to school teachers from six education divisions of Kabul city. This training was organized in cooperation of the Departments of Translation and Compilation and Teacher Training of the Ministry of Education of the Transitional Islamic Government of Afghanistan. Training sessions took place in Al-Fattah School, Isteqlal High School, Nadria High School in January and February 2003. Each day of training was attended by a group of teachers representing five to eight schools in one of the six divisions. Participants included 12-18 teachers (on average 35% female) who teach variety of subjects. Topics included:

- Prevention and resolution of Interpersonal conflicts

- Prevention and resolution of Inter-group conflicts

- Approaches to Reconciliation

- Peaceful Transformation of Conflicts

- Analysis of the Afghan Conflicts

- Parenting for Peace

c) Follow-up with UNICEF-Afghanistan on mass production of the sixteen peace storybooks and the peace manual. According to UNICEF, the Japanese government expressed interest in supporting mass production of these documents.

d) Meetings with Government leaders, UN and NGO offices were held to discuss follow-up peace and reconciliation projects and programs.

August 15 - October 29, 2002: Report of the Peace Education Training in Afghanistan

Check out the Photo Gallery for some pictures from these seminars.

1.0 Overall Goal:
To promote a culture of peace in Afghanistan by training peace educators, increasing knowledge and awareness about peace and reconciliation and stimulating thinking about peaceful alternatives.

2.0 Specific Goals:
1. To train peace educators at the Ministry of Education in Afghanistan through several rounds of training and hands-on experience and to assist them to incorporate peace messages and themes into the national curriculum; and to train others within the Afghan education system
2. To train selective academics and bureaucrats at the Ministry of Higher Education to become peace educators and to begin to put together peace education courses for Afghan universities
3. To increase awareness in government authorities and community leaders in Jalalabad and Mazar-e-Sharif on peace and reconciliation approaches and to train peace educators in the two relevant provinces
4. To train NGO representatives as peace educators

3.0 Outcomes:

3.1 Ministry of Education:
- 33 persons at the Ministry of Education participated in two rounds of training (five days and one day, respectively)
- Participants produced 12 draft documents as samples of materials to be included into the national curriculum

Next Steps:
- Review the documents and decide on their use
- Provide two to three additional rounds of training
- Supervise participants to lead training sessions in schools or their departments
- Compile and review written training materials for future use

3.2 Ministry of Higher Education:
- 20 -25 persons took part in two rounds of training (4 days and one day, respectively)
- Initial planning of peace education courses for Afghan universities was undertaken
- Negotiations took place with the Minister and a letter of support was obtained to establish a Centre for Peace Studies in Kabul University
- Future activities/projects/programs were planned

Next Steps:
- Provide two to three additional rounds of training
- Supervise participants to lead training sessions for students and faculty
- Compile and review written training material
- Plan future activities/projects/programs in peace education

3.3 City of Jalalabad (province of Nangarhar):
- 19 - 25 persons (heads of government departments, district governors and community leaders) took part in two rounds of training (2 days each)

Next Steps:
- Identify candidates for further training (future trainers)
- Provide two more rounds of training
- Plan future activities/projects

3.4 City of Mazar-e-Sharif:
- 22 persons (heads of government department and community leaders) took part in one round of training (two days)

Next Steps:
- Identify candidates for further training
- Provide two additional rounds of training
- Plan future activities

3.5 NGO community:
- 22 persons from OMAR and Co-AR went through two rounds of training (one day each)
- 13 persons from AWC took part in one round of training (half a day)

Next Steps:
- Provide two additional rounds of training to educators from CO-AR and OMAR
- Provide two rounds of training to educators from AWC as well as to primary health care educators from International Medical Corp (IMC) and IbnSina
- Produce public education materials (e.g., posters) in peace and reconciliation issues

4.0 Content of Training:
- Psychosocial rehabilitation and hatred reduction as means to improve interpersonal and inter-group relationships
- Importance of self-esteem for peaceful living
- Understanding determinants of the 23 year long Afghan conflict
- Conflict transformation
- Reconciliation on local and national levels
- Non-violence: concepts and practices

5.0 Detailed Examples of Peace Education Activities:

5.1. Ministry of Education (first round September 12-15 & 24)

Title: Improving Relationships on Inter-Personal, Inter-Group and Regional Levels
Location: Conference Hall of the Ministry of Education. Kabul, Afghanistan
Participants: The department of compilation and other executive directors (4 women and 29 men) from the Ministry of Education, Transitional Government of Afghanistan
Facilitators: Dr. Seddiq Weera and Susan Wardak from McMaster University's Centre for Peace Studies & Professor Amanullah Ludin, Research and Advisory Council of Afghanistan (RACA)

DAY ONE: Relationships on Inter-personal Level:
First, participants were asked to discuss common types and causes of interpersonal relationship problems in Afghan society. Then, they were asked to propose solutions for these problems. Next, emotional, cognitive and behavioral dimensions of interpersonal relationships were presented and discussed.

DAY TWO: Relationships on the Inter-group Level:
The recognition of negative emotions and distorted thoughts was discussed. Effective communication, healthy and unhealthy problem solving, and skills to manage anger, grief and stress were also discussed.

Anger and its impact on Afghan society were examined, and it was acknowledged that due to the poor economy, lack of development and education, as well as disparity between rural and urban areas, Afghans are living in a constant state of anger or despair. The constant state of anger and despair has a very negative impact on both people's health and relationships. Participants acknowledged that effective communication, mediation, and negotiation skills are not easy to find in today's Afghanistan. Participants insisted on the provision of such skills to all Afghans throughout the country. There were repeated recommendations from participants on the continuation of this type of workshop as one of the great necessities.

DAY THREE: Relationships on Inter-group Level:
There was discussion of natural and acquired differences (diversity) in human populations and among Afghan ethnic and religious groups. The cognitive evolution of hostility was discussed and applied to Afghan realities. Participants requested that such prejudice- and hostility-reduction awareness be provided to all Afghans in the country, especially students and educators.

DAY FOUR: Discussion of Applications:
There was discussion of the impact of war on relationships in Afghan society and how the requested knowledge and skills can be taught in schools and through the media to improve relationships, restore trust and end the cycle of revenge. Afghans agreed on measures to reduce ethnic oppression, political exclusion and poverty. In Afghanistan today, very few people have retained or are able to use effective communication, mediation and negotiation skills. A national peace education program through the Ministry of Education was identified as a measure to bring up peaceful generations of Afghans.

DAY FIVE: Understanding The Afghan Conflict:
Determinants of the Afghan conflict from background factors to intervening and triggering factors were discussed and applied to wars of the past 23 years. Participants recognized the importance of addressing people's grievances and establishing balanced relationships with neighboring countries. They identified ways Afghanistan can take advantage of current regional and international developments. Participants suggested that such delicate issues be discussed with higher authorities in the Afghan government. For modernization and development in Afghanistan, it was suggested that a balance of values such as religious, cultural and modernist be considered.

The workshop was described as an exercise that "opened a window in the participants' minds to see themselves in a new world and to critically examine their relationships in their local communities, in the country and in the region." Participants emphatically requested three things:
- continue this type of workshops
- provide written training materials on topics discussed
- (suggestion to peace educators) work closely and intensively with the government. "awareness of the government leaders on such important issues can solve many of the present problems, participants insisted."

5.2. Ministry of Education (Second round October 29 2002):

Title: Reconciliation And Classroom Democracy
Location: Conference Hall of the Ministry of Education. Kabul, Afghanistan
Participants: 33 persons from the department of compilation and other departments (4-5 women)
Facilitator: Dr. Joanna Santa Barbara

In this session, participants were given a chance to pick one or two topics out of Reconciliation, Peer Mediation, Cooperative Education, Classroom Democracy. They selected Reconciliation and Classroom Democracy. Due to time constraints the first topic was covered while an article on the second topic was later written and sent off for submission to the monthly teachers' newsletter, Erfan published by the Ministry.

The seminar on Reconciliation involves didactic input, small group exercises and discussion. The input includes defining peace and reconciliation and examining why reconciliation might be important in the context of Afghanistan. After participants do an exercise on interpersonal reconciliation, we examine components of reconciliation generated by the exercise - Truth, Justice, Mercy and Peace. While considering Justice, we examine ways of balancing the scales - revenge, retributive justice, reparative justice and forgiveness. We then examine what some other countries have done to move towards national reconciliation and affirm the importance of Afghanistan working out processes appropriate for its culture and context.

Participants worked actively at the exercises. The group focused strongly on the "peace" component of reconciliation. There was intense discussion of the concept of forgiveness. Comments included:
"Not all crimes should be forgiven, some should be brought to court." "Forgiveness works in some cases; in others, punishment is appropriate."
"Sharia law should be used."
"Cases should be referred to law. If law doesn't exist, we have to forgive."
"We have no universal system of law, there are missing areas."
"The Prophet took care of all - forgiveness works."

Participants did not want to end this discussion. At the end of the session, some went away to pray. They then returned, asking if the session could be continued the next day. Unfortunately, this was not possible.

5.3. Ministry of Higher Education (First Round 30th, September-1-3rd, October, 2002)

Title: Improving relationships on interpersonal and inter-group levels
Participants: Deans of the faculties, professors and head of the department of Kabul University.
Location: Main Library of Kabul University and the Library of Medical Faculty, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Facilitators: Seddiq Weera, Amanullah Ludin and Susan Wardak

The session began with discussion of objectives of peace education training and this workshop. Next, problematic relationships on inter-personal, inter-group and regional levels were discussed. Participants expressed recommendations and comments in writing and orally, including the following:

- One of the most important factors contributing to the destruction of our beautiful country is the interference of outsiders, which has promoted and nurtured the ethnic, linguistic and religious divisions.
- Provision of this workshop is a very good idea and this is an excellent workshop, both for its scientific and social worth.
- After years of constant war, for the first time there is a workshop about peace and national unity.
- Four days or even four weeks of workshops on crucial issues as such is not sufficient help us establish a Center for Peace Studies in Kabul University. This center will then serve the country.
- Help us prepare written materials about conflict resolution and reconciliation for our student and faculty and conduct research to bring more things to light (topics, which were discussed during those four days of the training, should be prepared in written forms and provided to the participants of the workshops)
- Peace education should be thought in a form of a course in different faculties of the university and different departments of the ministry of higher education.
- Take academics abroad and train them as experts in peace and reconciliation
- The issues discussed during our training should be taught to all of the government departments especially the ministry of defense, ministry of interior, and security.
- Television, radio, daily newspapers and magazines should publish and have regular programs about peace education and the Ministry of information and Media should publish series of articles about these issues.
- The Ministry of Education also should make this part of its curriculum and it should teach it in schools as well.
- The skills and methods of conflict resolution, national unity, and reconciliation should be provided to NGOs and government institutions in the form of seminars or conferences.

5.4 City of Jalalabad, Province of Nangarhar (First round Sept 21-22 2002)

Title: Finding ways to solve tension and hatred.
Organizers: Center for Peace Studies, McMaster University in coordination with Organization for Mine Clearance and Afghan Rehabilitation.
Facilitator: Professor Amanullah Ludin
Participants: Government officials, tribal leaders, dean of medical faculty and heads of the departments of education, police and public health.
Location: SpeenGhar Hotel (White Mountain), Jalalabad, Afghanistan

FIRST DAY: Recitation of the holy Qur'an was followed by opening remarks from the Deputy Governor of Nangarhar and the Chief of Justice, who supported peace education and added: "we Afghans together should find ways to resolve disputes, tension and conflict and take our country from this darkness to the light of peace". Concerns were expressed about the cycle of revenge and injustice during the decades of war.

The impact of conflict on Afghanistan was discussed in detail and conflict transformation methods were presented. Hearing the methods of conflict resolution, participants suggested such training be provided also to all tribal leaders and members of the grand council (Loya Jirga) to resolve their local tension and hatred. Great interest was expressed in continuation of this type of workshops and seminars on a regular basis and for a longer time to come. They emphasized the need for law and order, employment based on qualifications, and elimination of ethnic prejudice and discrimination.

Physical destruction was compared with damage to relationships that ought to be rebuilt.

SECOND DAY:
Dynamics and assessment of conflict were presented in the morning. The impact of hostility on psychosocial well being was discussed. Anger and hatred were identified as major factors in ruined relationships between groups. Ways to deal with anger, hatred and prejudice were suggested. Participants were encouraged to think creatively about solutions and try to find solutions that are acceptable, feasible and sustainable. Participants were asked to find and discuss creative solutions for important issues such as identity-related hostility.

At the conclusion of the day, participants drew a plan of how stability can come to Afghanistan--who should do what, and what roles each participant could play to contribute to peace in their local community and country. The Deputy Dean of Nangarhar University thanked McMaster University for the provision of this workshop and ended the session.

5.5 City of Jalalabad, Province of Nangarhar (Second Round, 21st and 22nd of October 2002):


Title: Finding ways to reduce tension and hatred:
Participants: The provincial and other district governors, tribal leaders and head of the government departments.
Location: SpeenGhar Hotel, city of Jalalabad, Afghanistan
Facilitators: Seddiq Weera, Joanna Santa Barbara, Jack Santa Barbara and Amanullah Ludin

DAY ONE:
The impact of hostility on attitudes and relationships with specific examples from Afghanistan was discussed. Participants in small groups listed causes of tension and hatred and suggested ways to minimize them and restore trust between groups in society.

Provincial governor Haji Deen Mohamad described the difficulties the country and government are facing right now. He mentioned that he attended a workshop last year in Peshawar provided by the McMaster team and that it was the best educational event he ever attended. He suggested a national peace and reconciliation program.

Below is a summary of the comments and recommendation made by participants.
- The educational system has suffered the most and there should be enormous attention to rebuild it
- Poverty is still dominating the country and there is no employment opportunity for people to survive, so it is important that a job creation program should be developed and implemented.
- Cooperation among provinces and exchange of teams of poets, artists, doctors, writers, teachers should be arranged to promote understanding and empathy
- Fair representation in the government of all ethnicities needs to be accomplished
- Economic development needs to be undertaken without further delay, using natural resources to strengthen our economy.
- Create opportunities for dialogue among political actors to resolve unresolved issues. We should learn from the Jihad time, where unresolved tensions and disputes among some parties and groups remained untackled. When parties faced each other in Kabul that tension turned to bloody wars
- Long term peace education and peace studies in universities especially Nangarhar University are required
- The better person is the one who does good deeds to the other instead of harming them.
- Communication and forgiveness bring solutions to many problems

After discussion among participants, Dr. Seddiq Weera emphasized the impact of long-term hostility and hatred on one's mind and the resulting lack of empathy. Seeing only half the picture, we form biased judgments, analyses and positions that prevent us from fairness, compassion and justice. Participants acknowledged conflict as a fact of life; however, they realized that methods and skills for peaceful resolution are needed for peaceful living. Effective communication and open-mindedness about creative solutions were favored by participants.


DAY TWO:
Discussions of reconciliation and reaching goals through peaceful means were led by Joanna Santa Barbara. She provided examples from other parts of the world that have gone through the process of reconciliation. She engaged the participants in a group exercise, where they had to come up with ways to rebuild the relationship between a student and a teacher. Each group presented its solutions, which included understanding the underlying circumstances, finding and telling the truth, accepting responsibility, forgiveness and justice. Consequences of revenge were discussed in detail.

Another set of exercises concerned families in Kabul who belonged to hostile groups but returned to their homes and now have to live side by side. Participants were asked to find creative ways the families can reconcile and live in peace. Traditional ways of treating each other with respect, as well as having mediators to help both parties, were discussed.

Dr. Joanna Santa Barbara brought examples from countries such as South Africa, Germany, Cambodia, and Guatemala. Afghans could relate to some of issues and brainstormed on the applicability of various components to the Afghan context.

In the second half of the day, Jack Santa Barbara presented concepts and practices of non-violence and provided examples of countries that have resolved their conflicts without engaging in violence. At the end of the workshop Dr. Abid Yani, Chief Justice, summarized the benefits of the workshop and said, "I can't thank you enough, McMaster University, for such a timely initiative." He summarized the requests of participants as follows:

- Continue this kind of workshop on a long-term basis and make a program out of it.
- Do not limit this training to a few cities: it should reach every city, village and district of the country.
- Broadcast regular educational programs through the media TV, Radio, newspapers and magazines
- Provide us (and the entire county) with written materials on what you presented
- Pass our message to the UN, donor countries and the US and Allies that the eastern provinces have wrongfully been labeled as supporters of terrorism. This is a conspiracy by some narrow-minded Afghans who lack a national vision for the country.

5.6 City of Mazar-e-Sharif, Balkh Province (October 7-8, 2002)

Title: Finding ways to solve tension and hatred.
Participants: Government officials, elders, lawyers, representative of the political parties
Organizer: OMAR office in Mazar city
Location: Mazar Hotel, city of Mazar-e-Sharif

FIRST DAY:
After the ceremonies, speeches and introductions, discussions of problems related to inter-group relationships took place. The impact of long-term hostility on attitude and relationships was presented. Examples of lack of empathy, biased judgment, lack of compassion and unfairness in Afghan wars were identified and discussed. The discussion was about the issues that played a role in the past and their impact on the future. The head of police for the province said: "our society is divided in the name of ethnicity, language, and religion due to the interference of outsiders who from time to time supported different warring faction to serve their interests." Suggestions to reduce hatred and hostilities included:

· We should acknowledge that there is tension among groups and in the government
· We should find real reasons for the existence of hatred and tension and resolve them through consultation with the people
· In the past the rights of some ethnic groups were violated
· We should accept the fact that some leaders (meaning Dostum) are not happy with the responsibilities and position assigned to them.
· We should understand that foreign interference can only be stopped by Afghans' unity
· Men and women are equal and should have equal rights
· If we think about the bigger picture for our country where everybody is treated equally, we are in a great position for development.
· Formation of many political groups resulted from the competition between two super-powers which contributed to the present mess
· Bring war criminals to justice; no forgiveness
· Provide education to the young generation who are brought up in war
· Stop monopolization of power, political oppression and exclusion of people of other ethnicities
· Work harder to reduce illiteracy
· Collect arms and store them as national property (several participants said: "currently arms are collected and transferred to Parwan area, where they are stored."
· Resolve all conflicts through peaceful negotiation and select people for the government based on their qualification.

SECOND DAY:
The discussion focused on the current situation in the country and its impact on the future. Participants used the conflict mapping approach to discuss important determinants of peace and conflict in Afghanistan. The following suggestions were made:

- The government should provide employment to those in the country and those who return, otherwise they will have to go back or pick up arms to feed their families
- The government and the world should assist with building residences for returnees and internally displaced
- Give all ethnicities equal rights and work on building the country instead of securing one party's interests

The participants showed great interest in this workshop and insisted on the continuation of these workshops on a long-term basis.

Check out the Photo Gallery for some pictures from these seminars.

May 17- June 05, 2002: Training the trainers and partnership with the Government

Check out the Photo Gallery for some pictures from these seminars.

March 11- April 14, 2002: Partnership Development and Training

Check out the Photo Gallery for some pictures from these seminars.

Aims:

1) To finalize a work plan and time line with field partners,

2) To provide "first-exposure" training to a mix of Afghan beneficiaries, and

3) To explore a National Reconciliation program with the Afghan Interim Administration.

Activities:

Aim One: Several meetings were held, in Peshawar and Kabul, with the partner organizations namely the Sanayee Development Foundation (formerly Sanayee Institute for Education and Learning-SIEAL), Research and Advisory Council of Afghanistan (RACA), Cooperation for Peace and Unity (CPAU), Afghan University in Peshawar and Cooperation Centre for Afghanistan (CCA). Decision was made that one person each from the above five agencies will form a working group called Building Peaceful Societies Group (BPS-Group)

The BPS-Group will develop a detailed action plan to entail:

According to the decisions the Centre for Peace Studies at McMaster University will carry out the following:

Aim Two:

Three major training workshops were led on March 29 and April 09 2002 (in Peshawar, Pakistan) and April 09 2002 (in Kabul, Afghanistan).

Around 100 male and female faculty and students attended first workshop, organized by the Afghan University in Peshawar on March 29, from this university. This was a timely follow-up on the five-day workshop of February 2001. The daylong workshop was participatory by design to cover three topics of "Understanding the Afghan Conflict," "Rebuilding Relationships among Afghan Ethnic and Political Groups" and "Conflict Prevention on Interpersonal Level." The audience, broken up in seven groups, discussed each topic in an attempt to answer two important questions. Written summary of discussions were collected from the rap porter of all groups.

First of the three sessions focused on thirteen sets of factors and circumstances that can contribute to initiation and or continuation of violent conflict in Afghanistan. Participants were asked to apply this frame to present situation in Afghanistan and suggest solutions and remedial measures. Second session covered psychosocial sequence of hostility, hatred and prejudice and identified ‘mistaken views and mistaken approaches’ that might have contributed to initiation and continuation of the Afghan violent conflict. Third session discussed factors that unnecessarily damage interpersonal relationships, which may affect the overall dynamic of an armed conflict. The purpose of this (first exposure) workshop was to obtain feedback from the audience on potential usefulness of the topics and to raise their awareness with the hope in change of their view and behavior. Self-reported feedback was very encouraging. All participants, with no exception, requested written material and provision of such training to all Afghans.

Second daylong workshop was held in partnership with the Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture. Participants were 30 key personalities from this ministry including heads of departments, directors of the national radio, national TV, Afghanistan News Agency (Bakhter Ajance), Kabul Times (state English language newspaper) and three Afghan governmental newspapers (Hewad, Anis and Arman-e-Mili), political analysts for radio and TV, and a few newscasters. Same three themes as above were discussed and participants were asked for feedback on usefulness. The feedback was unanimously positive and all participants who were leaders of important departments within the Afghan national media expressed interest in one of the two options: 1) a national ‘peace education program’ to be jointly developed by McMaster University and the Afghan Ministry of Culture and Information, 2) training on peace and reconciliation to be provided to the key leaders and producers of this ministry.

Third Workshop was held in partnership with the Afghanistan Women Council. Two hundred participants were mostly women from Peshawar-based schools for Afghan girls, NGO community, social and advocacy groups and local Afghan media. Two of the first themes discussed were the same (Understanding the Afghan Conflict and Rebuilding Relationships among Ethnic and Political Groups). The third theme was changed at the request from the partner organization to ‘Understanding the Geopolitics of the Afghan Conflict’. Participants from this participatory workshop also provided encouraging input and demanded expansion of such education to national level and incorporating it into the curricula of schools, colleges and universities.

Several seminars were also provided to small groups such as the group from Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University; United National Special Mission for Afghanistan (UNSMA/UNIMA); leaderships of the Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Afghan Interim Administration (including Deputy Ministers); peace educators from partner organizations; representatives of the former King of Afghanistan; writers and journalists from diverse ethnic backgrounds. On behalf of an association of Afghan publishers and newspapers, the editors of Sahaar and a reporter of Wahdat requested training on peace journalism for their writers, editors and reporters.

Aim Three:

A group of four representing BPS-group and McMaster University traveled to Kabul to hold cabinet level meetings with the leadership of the Afghan Interim Administration and provide first-exposure training to personnel of the relevant ministries (Ministries of Education, Higher Education and Information and Culture). The team, led by Dr. Seddiq Weera from McMaster University included Professor Lodin from RACA, Professor Fareewar from the Afghan University and Mr. Dalili from SDF. Meetings included those with Dr. Maliha Zolfeqar, Deputy Minister Higher Education, Dr. Zabihullah Asmati, Deputy Minister of Education, Abdul Hamid Mobarez, Deputy Minister Information and Culture and Mr. Thomas Ruttig, a key UN advisor to the Grand Assembly (Loya Jirga) process. All three ministries expressed interest in further discussions about ways to incorporate peace education into their curricula and media programs. Mr. Ruttig has asked Dr. Weera to consider providing similar training to the monitors as well as the participants of the historic Loya Jirga of June 2002. Mr. Ruttig will inform Dr. Weera about the final decision on this.

Separate meetings were also held with the Afghan University in Peshawar (Peshawar, Pakistan), Chancellor and faculty of Nangarhar University (Jalalabad, Afghanistan) and the Ministry of Public Health (Kabul, Afghanistan) and concrete follow-up actions were decided upon.

Check out the Photo Gallery for some pictures from these seminars.